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… options, including wire, pre-authorized debit, direct credit, credit and debit card, and Interac e-Transfer, to name a … al (2015) provide compelling evidence of the role of direct credits and pre-authorized debits in displacing cheques in …

… (e.g. settlement risk, operational risk, liquidity risk, credit risk, contagion, etc.). This piece provides a summary … relate to the following: What types of risk (e.g. credit, liquidity, settlement, systemic, etc.) FMIs should … that de-tiering avoids concentration risk, avoids excess credit and/or liquidity risk between direct and indirect …